Lots of work has examined the genes involved, most broadly showing that variants that produce lowered dopamine signaling (less dopamine in the synapse, fewer dopamine receptors, or lower responsiveness of these receptors) are associated with sensation seeking, risk taking, attentional problems, and extroversion. Such individuals have to seek experiences of greater intensity to compensate for the blunted dopamine signaling.
My lab looks at the ability of stress hormones to kill brain cells, and basically we are trying to understand on a molecular level how a neuron dies after a stroke, a seizure, Alzheimer's, brain aging, and what these stress hormones do to make it worse.
As for testosterone, it's gotten a bum rap. Yes, it has tons to do with aggression but it doesn't cause aggression as much as sensitizes you to the environmental triggers of aggression.
La rete dei neuroni non ha una struttura gerarchica. Infatti ogni neurone può connettersi con qualsiasi altro, indipendentemente dalle rispettive posizioni.
Chapter 3 discusses some unsettling research—stick your average person in a brain scanner, and show him a picture of someone of another race for only a tenth of a second. This is too fast for him to be aware of what he saw. But thanks to that anatomical shortcut, the amygdala knows . . . and activates. In contrast, show the picture for a longer time. Again the amygdala activates, but then the cognitive dlPFC does as well, inhibiting the amygdala—the effort to control what is for most people an unpalatable initial response.
Depression’s defining symptom is anhedonia, the inability to feel, anticipate, or pursue pleasure. Chronic stress depletes the mesolimbic system of dopamine, generating anhedonia. The link between childhood adversity and adult depression involves both organizational effects on the developing mesolimbic system and elevated adult glucocorticoid levels, which can deplete dopamine.
Prima della nascita, il cervello del feto della scimmia aumenta rapidamente in dimensioni e in complessità. Quando l’animale nasce, il cervello ha già raggiunto il settanta per cento delle sue dimensioni definitive di adulto. Il rimanente trenta per cento della crescita viene completato rapidamente durante i primi sei mesi di vita… Nella nostra specie, invece, alla nascita il cervello è solo il 23% delle sue dimensioni adulte. Per altri sei anni dopo la nascita continua una crescita rapida e l’intero processo di accrescimento non è completo sino al ventitreesimo anno di vita. [Nell’uomo, dunque], la crescita del cervello continua per circa dieci anni dopo che abbiamo raggiunto la maturità sessuale, mentre per lo scimpanzé termina sei o sette anni prima che l’animale diventi attivo dal punto di vista della riproduzione.
Oxytocin, the luv hormone, makes us more prosocial to Us and worse to everyone else. That’s not generic prosociality. That’s ethnocentrism and xenophobia.
Because it is the last to mature, by definition the frontal cortex is the brain region least constrained by genes and most sculpted by experience. This must be so, to be the supremely complex social species that we are. Ironically, it seems that the genetic program of human brain development has evolved to, as much as possible, free the frontal cortex from genes.
Dixit 
